Hi
For #6 in your example, I needed similar behaviour and did the following:
use two forms for those two columns and wrap them together within a flowBox
About improving 1-4, I think you also can use label with configured height instead of disabled textField. You can set height or add stylename which will contain height depending on theme variable ($v-unit-size, $v-layout-margin-bottom). Possibly, the color of textField will not always be the same as the application background, in this case, you will see your “divider”.
You can use flex attribute to expand second column. For instance:
Probably it will not work correctly with the fifth requirement (Form is based on grid layout). You can try to use two forms and play with CSS flex or with SW responsive add-on.